The numbers, with context
Energy & climate
data notes.
Small studies of what public data can tell us — and what a headline leaves out. Each includes a figure, the underlying numbers and a source trail.
01 / Electricity · 2025
Who leads Europe in solar? First, choose a denominator.
A small electricity system can top the share ranking while producing relatively little solar power. The 2025 data show why both measures matter.
Read the note ↗02 / Electricity · 2015–2025A large fall in fossil share can still leave a fossil-heavy grid.
Ten years of change and the latest electricity mix answer different questions. Six European cases show why a progress ranking needs an endpoint.
Read the note ↗03 / Carbon pricing · 2026Two carbon prices do not make one combined rate.
A 2026 snapshot of European carbon pricing puts the headline price beside its coverage. Neither column tells you which instruments apply to the same tonne.
Read the note ↗Open data from Ember and the World Bank. Published 7 November 2026.